Medusa

How Much Does Construction Site Pollution Impact The Environment?

<p>Building and road construction have played a significant role in cultures and societies from the beginning of time&period; Historically&comma; construction utilized natural materials&colon; the Mayans used quarried stones to build their temples&comma; Solomon had access to the cedars of Lebanon&comma; and the Bedouins constructed their tents from the hides of camels and goats&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Today&comma; however&comma; an increasing amount of manmade materials are being used in construction projects&semi; these materials are altered from nature and cannot be re-circulated in the cycle of life&period; Regardless of the type of materials used&comma; it must be acknowledged that all construction&comma; to some degree or another&comma; disrupts the normal course of nature&period; Just how much does construction impact environment&quest; What becomes of the waste or pollution caused by construction&quest;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><img class&equals;"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3279" alt&equals;"Environment" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;medusamagazine&period;com&sol;wp-content&sol;uploads&sol;2013&sol;06&sol;Environment1&period;jpg" width&equals;"535" height&equals;"375" &sol;><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><strong>Types of Pollutants<&sol;strong><br &sol;>&NewLine;The first issue to be addressed in the discussion of construction pollution is the type of pollutants involved&period; Identification allows for evaluation of the impact on the environment&period; There are various categories of construction pollutants&colon;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><strong>• Dust –<&sol;strong> Construction sites are some of the best breeding grounds for dust&period; Saws cut into lumber&comma; metal and a host of synthetic materials&semi; masonry blocks are moved and cement dust is swept&comma; all of which sends particles of dust and masonry debris circulating into the air&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><strong>• Chemicals –<&sol;strong> The invention of modern bonding materials&comma; such as glues&comma; caulking and sealants&comma; have made construction sites home to many chemical smells&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><strong>• Diesel Fumes –<&sol;strong> Dump trucks&comma; bulldozers and backhoes are just a few of the pieces of equipment used at construction sites&period; Running the engines of all of these machines spouts diesel exhaust into the air&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><strong>• Environmental Noise –<&sol;strong> Although not widely considered a pollutant&comma; noise actually does pollute the environment&period; &lpar;<&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Normal<br &sol;>&NewLine;0<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>EN-US<br &sol;>&NewLine;X-NONE<br &sol;>&NewLine;TE<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 10&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p> &sol;&ast; Style Definitions &ast;&sol;<br &sol;>&NewLine;table&period;MsoNormalTable<br &sol;>&NewLine;&lbrace;mso-style-name&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Table Normal&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-rowband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-colband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-noshow&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-priority&colon;99&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-qformat&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-parent&colon;&&num;8221&semi;&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-padding-alt&colon;0in 5&period;4pt 0in 5&period;4pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin&colon;0in&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin-bottom&colon;&period;0001pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-pagination&colon;widow-orphan&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-size&colon;11&period;0pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Calibri&&num;8221&semi;&comma;&&num;8221&semi;sans-serif&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Times New Roman&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-theme-font&colon;minor-fareast&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-font-family&colon;Gautami&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-theme-font&colon;minor-bidi&semi;&rcub;<br &sol;>&NewLine;<span style&equals;"font-size&colon; 12&period;0pt&semi;font-family&colon; 'Times New Roman'&comma;'serif'">1<&sol;span>&rpar;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><strong>Personal Impact of Pollutants<&sol;strong><br &sol;>&NewLine;Evaluating the effect of pollutants requires looking at a broad area of potential impact&period; How does construction affect individual people&comma; local water sources and the general environment&quest; One area that has been massively affected by construction is the United Arab Emirates&period; As construction has boomed in the UAE&comma; so has the incidence of respiratory disease among children&period; Many people point directly to the air pollution caused by all of the construction as the cause of this increase&period; What exactly is polluting the air&quest; It is the demolition of old buildings&comma; the use of multitudes of diesel engines and the burning of building scraps that contain toxic materials&quest; Dust and exhaust from these sites means that soot&comma; silicates&comma; hydrocarbons&comma; plastics&comma; nitrogen oxides&comma; sulphates and fumes from a host of materials such as paint thinners&comma; varnish&comma; treated woods&comma; etc&period; are being released into the air &lpar;<&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Normal<br &sol;>&NewLine;0<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>EN-US<br &sol;>&NewLine;X-NONE<br &sol;>&NewLine;TE<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 10&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p> &sol;&ast; Style Definitions &ast;&sol;<br &sol;>&NewLine;table&period;MsoNormalTable<br &sol;>&NewLine;&lbrace;mso-style-name&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Table Normal&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-rowband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-colband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-noshow&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-priority&colon;99&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-qformat&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-parent&colon;&&num;8221&semi;&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-padding-alt&colon;0in 5&period;4pt 0in 5&period;4pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin&colon;0in&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin-bottom&colon;&period;0001pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-pagination&colon;widow-orphan&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-size&colon;11&period;0pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Calibri&&num;8221&semi;&comma;&&num;8221&semi;sans-serif&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Times New Roman&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-theme-font&colon;minor-fareast&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-font-family&colon;Gautami&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-theme-font&colon;minor-bidi&semi;&rcub;<br &sol;>&NewLine;<span style&equals;"font-size&colon; 12&period;0pt&semi;font-family&colon; 'Times New Roman'&comma;'serif'">2<&sol;span>&rpar;&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>The example of the UAE&rpar; reveals the very personal effects of construction pollution&comma; which include an increase in respiratory illnesses &lpar;such as bronchitis&comma; asthma&comma; etc&period;&rpar; and certain cancers&period; In fact&comma; according to statistics&comma; 13&percnt; of people in the UAE suffer from asthma&comma; and 40&percnt; of those people are children&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>California is another area with booming construction&period; There&comma; the Union of Concerned Scientists has issued a booklet outlining specific effects of construction in the state&comma; linking it to premature deaths&comma; lost work days&comma; school absences&comma; acute bronchitis&comma; respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations and asthma &lpar;<&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Normal<br &sol;>&NewLine;0<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>EN-US<br &sol;>&NewLine;X-NONE<br &sol;>&NewLine;TE<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 10&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p> &sol;&ast; Style Definitions &ast;&sol;<br &sol;>&NewLine;table&period;MsoNormalTable<br &sol;>&NewLine;&lbrace;mso-style-name&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Table Normal&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-rowband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-colband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-noshow&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-priority&colon;99&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-qformat&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-parent&colon;&&num;8221&semi;&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-padding-alt&colon;0in 5&period;4pt 0in 5&period;4pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin&colon;0in&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin-bottom&colon;&period;0001pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-pagination&colon;widow-orphan&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-size&colon;11&period;0pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Calibri&&num;8221&semi;&comma;&&num;8221&semi;sans-serif&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Times New Roman&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-theme-font&colon;minor-fareast&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-font-family&colon;Gautami&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-theme-font&colon;minor-bidi&semi;&rcub;<br &sol;>&NewLine;<span style&equals;"font-size&colon; 12&period;0pt&semi;font-family&colon; 'Times New Roman'&comma;'serif'">3<&sol;span>&rpar;&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><strong>Environmental Impact<&sol;strong><br &sol;>&NewLine;Construction&comma; by default&comma; has a negative impact on the environment as land is cleared and trees are cut down&period; Even the removal of small vegetation has a drastic impact on the environment&period; The same pollutants that affect human health have an impact on the plant and animal life in the surrounding areas&period; Research on construction sites reveals that &OpenCurlyDoubleQuote;transportation resources&comma;” or the means required to transport construction materials&comma; has the largest environmental impact &lpar;<&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Normal<br &sol;>&NewLine;0<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>EN-US<br &sol;>&NewLine;X-NONE<br &sol;>&NewLine;TE<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 10&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p> &sol;&ast; Style Definitions &ast;&sol;<br &sol;>&NewLine;table&period;MsoNormalTable<br &sol;>&NewLine;&lbrace;mso-style-name&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Table Normal&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-rowband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-colband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-noshow&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-priority&colon;99&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-qformat&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-parent&colon;&&num;8221&semi;&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-padding-alt&colon;0in 5&period;4pt 0in 5&period;4pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin&colon;0in&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin-bottom&colon;&period;0001pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-pagination&colon;widow-orphan&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-size&colon;11&period;0pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Calibri&&num;8221&semi;&comma;&&num;8221&semi;sans-serif&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Times New Roman&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-theme-font&colon;minor-fareast&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-font-family&colon;Gautami&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-theme-font&colon;minor-bidi&semi;&rcub;<br &sol;>&NewLine;<span style&equals;"font-size&colon; 12&period;0pt&semi;font-family&colon; 'Times New Roman'&comma;'serif'">4<&sol;span>&rpar;&period; This means that fuel and other pollutants related to trucking in building materials cause the greatest disruptions to the ecosystem&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>One must also keep in mind the additional effects of construction wastes&comma; inert water waste&comma; damage to the normal balance of nature and the effect that the various pollutants have on wildlife&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><strong>Pollution Comparisons<&sol;strong><br &sol;>&NewLine;If you still think that construction is really not a great cause of environmental pollutants&comma; think again&period; A &OpenCurlyDoubleQuote;big rig” truck would have to travel for nearly 1&comma;000 miles to produce the same amount of pollution emitted by a backhoe that is used for one hour and nearly 1500 miles to compare with the pollution released during one hour of running a bulldozer &lpar;<&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Normal<br &sol;>&NewLine;0<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>EN-US<br &sol;>&NewLine;X-NONE<br &sol;>&NewLine;TE<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 10&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p> &sol;&ast; Style Definitions &ast;&sol;<br &sol;>&NewLine;table&period;MsoNormalTable<br &sol;>&NewLine;&lbrace;mso-style-name&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Table Normal&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-rowband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-colband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-noshow&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-priority&colon;99&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-qformat&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-parent&colon;&&num;8221&semi;&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-padding-alt&colon;0in 5&period;4pt 0in 5&period;4pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin&colon;0in&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin-bottom&colon;&period;0001pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-pagination&colon;widow-orphan&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-size&colon;11&period;0pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Calibri&&num;8221&semi;&comma;&&num;8221&semi;sans-serif&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Times New Roman&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-theme-font&colon;minor-fareast&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-font-family&colon;Gautami&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-theme-font&colon;minor-bidi&semi;&rcub;<br &sol;>&NewLine;<span style&equals;"font-size&colon; 12&period;0pt&semi;font-family&colon; 'Times New Roman'&comma;'serif'">5<&sol;span>&rpar;&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><strong>Ways to Reduce Impact<&sol;strong><br &sol;>&NewLine;Simply knowing the environmental impact of construction is not enough&period; Something must be done to reduce it&period; Often times it is many small things that add up to have one big&comma; positive effect&period; Construction companies must be conscientious of how their movements affect the environment&period; They must step up and take responsibility&period; There are many ways that they can do this including&colon;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<ul>&NewLine;<li> Buy local products to reduce transportation costs<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ul>&NewLine;<ul>&NewLine;<li> Use activated carbon filtration<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ul>&NewLine;<ul>&NewLine;<li>Spray off dump trucks and other vehicles that move in and out of construction areas to reduce the spread of dust<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ul>&NewLine;<ul>&NewLine;<li>Use alternate fuels<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ul>&NewLine;<ul>&NewLine;<li>Water roadways and clean work surfaces<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ul>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if &excl;mso&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>v&colon;&ast; &lbrace;behavior&colon;url&lpar;&num;default&num;VML&rpar;&semi;&rcub;<br &sol;>&NewLine;o&colon;&ast; &lbrace;behavior&colon;url&lpar;&num;default&num;VML&rpar;&semi;&rcub;<br &sol;>&NewLine;w&colon;&ast; &lbrace;behavior&colon;url&lpar;&num;default&num;VML&rpar;&semi;&rcub;<br &sol;>&NewLine;&period;shape &lbrace;behavior&colon;url&lpar;&num;default&num;VML&rpar;&semi;&rcub;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p style&equals;"text-align&colon; center"><img class&equals;"size-full wp-image-3280 aligncenter" alt&equals;"ggf" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;medusamagazine&period;com&sol;wp-content&sol;uploads&sol;2013&sol;06&sol;ggf&period;jpg" width&equals;"375" height&equals;"500" &sol;><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Construction will almost certainly continue as long as mankind exists&period; However&comma; one generation can pay forward to future generations by standing up and being responsible for the pollutants caused by progressive construction&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Chris Turberville-Tully&comma; who studied environmental issues in college&comma; writes for <&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Normal<br &sol;>&NewLine;0<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>EN-US<br &sol;>&NewLine;X-NONE<br &sol;>&NewLine;TE<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 10&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p> &sol;&ast; Style Definitions &ast;&sol;<br &sol;>&NewLine;table&period;MsoNormalTable<br &sol;>&NewLine;&lbrace;mso-style-name&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Table Normal&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-rowband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-colband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-noshow&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-priority&colon;99&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-qformat&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-parent&colon;&&num;8221&semi;&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-padding-alt&colon;0in 5&period;4pt 0in 5&period;4pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin&colon;0in&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin-bottom&colon;&period;0001pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-pagination&colon;widow-orphan&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-size&colon;11&period;0pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Calibri&&num;8221&semi;&comma;&&num;8221&semi;sans-serif&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Times New Roman&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-theme-font&colon;minor-fareast&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-font-family&colon;Gautami&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-theme-font&colon;minor-bidi&semi;&rcub;<br &sol;>&NewLine;<span style&equals;"font-size&colon; 12&period;0pt&semi;font-family&colon; 'Times New Roman'&comma;'serif'">Muck Away<&sol;span> in England&period; When not writing or blogging&comma; Chris enjoys a holiday at the beach or a drive through the countryside with his family&period; Follow Chris on <span style&equals;"font-size&colon; 12&period;0pt&semi;font-family&colon; 'Times New Roman'&comma;'serif'">G&plus;<&sol;span>&period;<&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Normal<br &sol;>&NewLine;0<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<br &sol;>&NewLine;false<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>EN-US<br &sol;>&NewLine;X-NONE<br &sol;>&NewLine;TE<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 9&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><&excl;--&lbrack;if gte mso 10&rsqb;&gt&semi;--><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p> &sol;&ast; Style Definitions &ast;&sol;<br &sol;>&NewLine;table&period;MsoNormalTable<br &sol;>&NewLine;&lbrace;mso-style-name&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Table Normal&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-rowband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-tstyle-colband-size&colon;0&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-noshow&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-priority&colon;99&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-qformat&colon;yes&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-style-parent&colon;&&num;8221&semi;&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-padding-alt&colon;0in 5&period;4pt 0in 5&period;4pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin&colon;0in&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-para-margin-bottom&colon;&period;0001pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-pagination&colon;widow-orphan&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-size&colon;11&period;0pt&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Calibri&&num;8221&semi;&comma;&&num;8221&semi;sans-serif&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-ascii-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-font-family&colon;&&num;8221&semi;Times New Roman&&num;8221&semi;&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-fareast-theme-font&colon;minor-fareast&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-font-family&colon;Calibri&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-hansi-theme-font&colon;minor-latin&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-font-family&colon;Gautami&semi;<br &sol;>&NewLine;mso-bidi-theme-font&colon;minor-bidi&semi;&rcub;<br &sol;>&NewLine;<span style&equals;"font-size&colon; 12&period;0pt&semi;font-family&colon; 'Times New Roman'&comma;'serif'"><br &sol;>&NewLine;<&sol;span><&sol;p>&NewLine;

Exit mobile version